The course is a study of the basic and current concepts in the administration of local dental anesthetics. Topics examined include the mechanism of action, local and systemic effects, tissue diffusion and toxicity of anesthetic agents used in dentistry. Patient assessment including medical considerations, apprehension and pain threshold will be evaluated for determining the indications and contraindications of dental pain control. Selection of appropriate anesthetic agents and proper administration techniques will be emphasized. The pharmacology, principles of nitrous oxide-oxygen analgesia administration, patient considerations and legal issues will be discussed. Anatomical considerations for the administration of local anesthesia are reviewed. This course is subject to a course fee.